Resembling peace Essay Example for Free

Taking after harmony Essay In the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad the creator denounces the colonization of the Europeans on the African islands of Congo, famously concentrating on the uncouth and unfeeling treatment of the locals. In this section however, the focal character Marlow describes to different men on his boat about his point of view of the experience he had when he went up the waterway Congo going through the wild wilderness so as to arrive at the inward station. The tone all through the section proposes a negative undertone of the wild of Congo in view of the selection of words Marlow uses to depict the wilderness. Expressions, for example, uneasy and the loud universe of plants pictures the wilderness as being very evil rather than tranquil and peaceful as the perusers would anticipate that it should be. This entry is an arrangement of likenesses, moral story, imagery, dull and light differentiation and overstatement which Marlow utilizes inexhaustibly to depict his excursion. Marlow looks at going up the stream as resembling making a trip back to the most punctual start of the world. (1) He utilizes a metaphor to portray the wilderness as being the way the world was before the innovation and progress was conceived, when the world was unadulterated as it was the point at which it was made essentially. In any case, at that point he proceeds with the comment by saying when vegetation revolted on the earth and the huge trees were lords. Marlow paints this image as the wild being able to battle against one another and when there was power between the trees. He utilizes the word lord to portray the variety of intensity between the trees a lot of like how the Europeans were being better by attempting than acculturate the locals through fierce methods. Marlow adds to the depiction of the wilderness as having an extraordinary quietness. (2) The expression quiet is embedded in his portrayal to give a differentiation of whats occurring inside the wilderness. Inside the wilderness, in the inward station, it has been said that Kurtz utilizes unpredictable strategies to get the ivory he makes. This proposes Kurtz is most likely utilizing savagery or controls which are differentiations of quiet. All the more ever, as Marlows venture continues further and further into the wilderness and closer to the internal station, Marlows decoration gets assaulted by the locals. Minutes before they are being assaulted, Marlow depicts to have heard voices crying uncontrollably originating from the wilderness. The lingual authority quiet not exclusively is a complexity of what's going on inside the wilderness, it is likewise a differentiation of a future scene where they are being assaulted. Marlow further depicts the stream as being easy to become mixed up in as you would in a desert. This expression shows that Marlow is befuddled with respect to his motivation in this journey, why he needed to come on this excursion and what he was hoping to discover. This expression likewise shows that Marlow sees the stream to be puzzling and that is one of the characteristics of the waterway that encourage him to proceed with his excursion on account of his curiousness. Later in the section, Marlow demonstrates that the stream as this quietness of life which didn't at all take after harmony. (9) This depiction of the stream as not looking like harmony associates straightforwardly to the excursion that Marlow has been going in. Since the time Marlow chose to come on this journey, he has been dubious with respect to whom he truly is and what he needs to do or what should be finished. Marlow has solid feelings about the Europeans as being blockheads, fallen angels, and imprudence, for not realizing what they are doing. Not for being racists or separation of the locals as they are being tied up and attempted to death. Marlow thinks of him as self as being not particularly delicate towards the Africans which repudiates to what he has been stating from the start all through the novel as Africans as not being our foes. This section portrays the ferocity and the vile intrigue of the stream and the wild which is a correlation with the brain of Marlow. Inside his head, Marlow is confounded, agitated, and not at all looking like harmony. This excursion takes Marlow to the spots he has never been so as to wind up inside.

Same Sex Marriage Should be Legal Essay -- Homosexual Couples Should H

Marriage is the hallowed bond between two individuals who adore and appreciate each other. Customarily this bond has been held among man and lady. With such a large number of changes on the planet, there are all the more straightforwardly gay individuals in our general public. Despite the fact that individuals have gotten all the more tolerating of the presence of homosexuality, gays and lesbians are as yet thought to be inconsistent with regards to marriage. Gay couples ought to have indistinguishable rights to wed from hetero couples. Denying this privilege is crooked and is separation towards a gathering of individuals. Same-sex marriage has gotten to a greater degree a policy centered issue when it should be surrendered over to one’s own and strict convictions. Despite the fact that there are a couple of states that perceive legitimate same-sex marriage or local association, couples despite everything need to confront feeling sub-par as a result of the next to zero advantage they are given, while hetero relationships have a copious of rights, benefits and advantages. On the off chance that it is our established option to get hitched to the individual our decision at that point let it be. It ought not make any difference what the following individual feels since they reserve the privilege to feel the manner in which they need to feel similarly as an individual can begin to look all starry eyed at and wed their life partner. Marriage should join two individuals together for better and more awful for the remainder of their lives. For what reason would anybody need to deny someone else the chance to submit their life to someone else paying little heed to sex? As indicated by an outline by Christine Vestal, a staff author at Stateline.org, there is just six expresses that permit same-sex marriage: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, Maine and New Hampshire. New Jersey and Connecticut are the main two expresses that perceive common association for same-sex couples al... ...d religion. Many may feel that it is essentially convention for a man a lady to be hitched and gay marriage is simply not the standard. Then again, what I simply notice was additionally not typical but we as a country have conquered them. It has required some investment and incredible exertion to win these rights and the benefit to settle on our own decisions. Today many are progressively liberal and lenient of the presence of homosexuality and gay couples and there are a bunch of states that are all the more tolerating of the perfect of same-sex marriage. It is just a short time before the remainder of the country acknowledges this. Works Cited Oison, Theadore B. â€Å"The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage† Newsweek 09 Jan, 2010: Web. Saunders, Cat. â€Å"Gay Marriage? Absolutely!† The News Time July 2000: Web. Vestal, Christine â€Å"Gay marriage legitimate in six states† Stateline 04 Jun, 2009: Web.

Natural child birth VS. Medicated child birth Essay Example for Free

Characteristic labor VS. Sedated labor Essay Theoretical: Natural labor and sedated birth are the two choices rehearsed all around the globe by the gynecologists, nowadays. Anyway there are a few issues identified with both the birth procedure. In this paper we will talk about the upsides and downsides of both the regular labor and the sedated labor. Presentation Natural labor: it is a characteristic procedure with least clinical intercession, explicitly the utilization of torment remembers meds and careful mediations (Vernon, D (2005) Sedated labor: in this sort of birth, specialist utilize torment executioners and different instruments like episiotomies, forceps and ventouse conveyances and cesarean segments during the conveyance procedure. Each lady during her conveyance experiences torment which is a typical physiological response. In a typical birth, torment makes the ladies to respond against the agony by straining and battling it. Lion's share of ladies around the globe lean towards normal labors anyway at times the mother wants to be sedated consequently remembering torment. Birth torment is abrupt and extreme. In any case, with each compression the agony step by step blurs away bringing about birth of a youngster. (Sakala, C. , M. Corry, and H. Goer. (2004) So for a mother there are both the choices accessible either to choose regular birth or a cured labor. Regular labor is a characteristic procedure and there is currently reaction with the exception of the mother experiences cut off agony. Anyway in the event of sedated labor is fake procedure in this way it has some symptoms regardless of it’s rehearsed as often as possible all around the globe Here are a portion of the advantages and disadvantages of both characteristic and the sedated labor: Benefits of Natural Childbirth Natural labor is totally with no drug. Recollect that medication is a medication and, and even the most secure meds additionally have some reactions Mothers that experience common labor can move uninhibitedly all through work and after as the new explores uncovers that sedated birth makes it hard to move during and after the birth. ( Anderson, G. , et al. (2000) In common labor ladies feel their bodys reflex, there how they can react better by pushing quicker, as the prescription influences the reflexes in this manner drawing out the pushing time. (World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research. (1999) Unmediated birth is regular procedure and the torment during the birth is likewise common that controls the mother to look for explicit places that may assist the kid with moving effectively to get into right situation of conveyance. In dominant part of cases Mothers has quick recuperation after a characteristic labor since they can move unreservedly and without any problem. By and large they eat quickly and their craving is typical. In normal labor Endorphins is emitted inside placenta and umbilical rope of the mother. That discharge causes the infant to convey effectively and get acclimated to new condition easily. (Lieberman, E. also, C. ODonoghue (2002) Naturally conveyed babies are better responsive and show more enthusiasm for pre-breastfeeding practices, for example, sucking and rubbing the moms bosoms, just as the correct time span they spend nursing during the first and a half hour. Characteristic birth likewise builds the chance of a more beneficial and quick recuperation in view of better hormonal equalization. (Righard, L. furthermore, M. Alade. (1990). This is on the grounds that a lady who has conceived an offspring with insignificant mediation doesn't have to recoup from significant stomach medical procedure, instrumental conveyance, and cut of the perineum, any harm from IV lines, or serious stomach torment, cerebral pain spinal pain brought about by the utilization of medicine. Common labor builds the characteristic conveyance physiology and working advancement of sound, well-feed ladies and expands mediations in the ordinary course of normal labor. Advantages of Medicated Birth Medicated Birth has a great deal of advantages and is been adjusted by the moms everywhere throughout the world. A portion of the advantages are as per the following: Women that experience a long work torment can profit by utilizing torment medicine to get some help before pushing stage. (Simkin, P. (1992) if the lady is finding the agony excruciating, it will influence the conveyance procedure, torment medicine would go about as a supporting component with the goal that her body probably won't battle against the work. (E. Jones, Pregnancy, Contraception, and Family Planning Services in Industrialized Countries (1989) also if the lady is encountering a type of dread, prescription would help her by remembering her from extreme agony and uneasiness. Anyway then again it has reactions relying on individual to individual. Some of the time it is discovered that Medication has caused the infant sluggish as the sedation can enter through the placenta. (Ransjo-Arvidson A. B. , Matthiesen. (2001) In addition torment manages the mother to change her situation through which the kid can modify inside if the youngster is back. Anyway in the event of medicine the mother can not feel the torment to alter herself in this manner may case certain confusions now and again. (Uvnas-Moberg, K. (1998) Conclusion Mothers can conceive an offspring normally. Regardless of the ladies faces the agony however the torment leaves steadily. It is a quick procedure and has no symptoms. The infant is typical and responsive. Torment prescription is an extraordinary asset in exceptionally troublesome and delayed works when the mother becomes annoyed to convey the infant. In such cases epidural is a lot of powerful. Sedatives may improve the probability of complexities ( Knapp, L. (1996) We can discover assortment of agony executioners out there in the market. On the off chance that the correct medication is utilized I can support the conveyance. Most torment executioners don't take torment totally away. It makes torment tolerable for the mother consequently can focus on the birth. Anyway in cured birth mother consistently need nonstop help all through the procedure.

Hop Frog Essay -- essays papers

Bounce Frog Servitude was certainly one of the significant makes that drove the Civil War, the most sensational occasion in the American history. Various perfect works of art were composed to scrutinize subjection. Among them, we check Poe’s Hop-Frog, otherwise called Eight Chained Ourang-Outans. Written in 1849, Hop-Frog conveys the message toward the Southern States about unavoidable catastrophe that anticipates the Americans because of bondage and the slave exchange. Every component of the Poe’s story, including character, settings and the plot is by one way or another identified with the authentic foundation of the United States before 1865. In any case, Poe associates his story to the thought of serfdom via cautious choice of characters and the portrayal of connection between them. Actually, from the main perusing there isn't quite a bit of irregular to comment in the characters’ connection: a basic connection between a lord and his â€Å"multi-functional† buffoon. In any case, after a mindful investigation of the story, it becomes evident that the characters are figurative. They, actually, speak to the connection between an ace and a slave, a belonging. This sort of connection portrays subjection, where one individual â€Å"possesses† another and does with him whatever is wanted. Poe gives us a few insights to reach this given conclusion:† Our ruler, as an issue of cause, held his own fool†. The creator utilizes the word â€Å"retained† to portray king’s ownership of the jokester, which is the key component in subjugation, instead of any type of business. As we discover la ter, this sort of authority leaves Hop-Frog with for all intents and purposes no opportunity, regardless of whether it is opportunity to picked or opportunity to act:† Come here Hop-Frog, †¦ swallow this bumper†¦It happened to be poor dwarf’s birthday, and the order to drink†¦ constrained tears to his eye... ...n the North and the South, which at last carried United States to the Civil War. At long last, as we arrive at the finish of the story, we witness Hop-Frog’s savage retribution. Actually, there is something specific in the way how Hop-Frog renders retribution on lord and his seven pastors: he consumed them. It is firmly identified with the picture that the Southern States had after the misfortune in the Civil War. Everything from manors to common assets were put to fire by the Northern armed forces, as they were advancing toward the Confederate’s capital, Richmond. Bounce frog’s get away from represents the enormous relocation of slaves from the South after the finish of the war. Despite the fact that the serfdom was authoritatively canceled in 1863 in the North and before the finish of the war in the South, it took a lot more years before an Afro-American could be dealt with a similar path as each resident in the United States of America.

Sin &Forgiveness In Hinduism Essays - Spirituality, Forgiveness

Sin &Forgiveness In Hinduism Sin starts in the domain of cognizance. At the point when we are youthful we are instructed by our gatekeepers that which is ?isn't that so? from that which is ?off-base?. We grow up with the comprehension that taking our mate's toys or hitting our grandparents isn't right and along these lines, a transgression. As we develop the idea of wrongdoing starts to transform; it is not, at this point so natural to characterize or to clarify what's more, its repercussions become significantly more extreme than an establishing. Sin is a vindictive demonstration, expectation full, purposeful and hurtful. A demonstration is viewed as wicked when, however the culprit may increase some type of fleeting fulfillment, the activity dispenses damage to some other person or thing. Concerning Hinduism, a transgression is an indecent demonstration; It is wicked or deceptive. The idea of ahimsa (to do or prompt no mischief) to a Hindu is sacrosanct and from youth he is educated to regard and submit to this perfect. Along these lines, any progression towards shaming this paragon is a transgression. The narrative of Svetaketu Aruneya offers an unobtrusive meaning of transgression. The kid was so glad for himself for having taken in the Vedas that his high assessment's of himself disrupted the general flow of his most significant exercise and comprehension; that of confidence. Here, Svetaketu's sense of self filled in as a maya and shielded him from acknowledging moksha. Since it is the Hindu's definitive objective to accomplish moksha, all which remains as a boundary is a wrongdoing. In a Hindu's life there are various stages which he should go through before he comes to a mind-blowing finish. Each stage is illustrative of various degrees of getting the hang of, understanding and development. In spite of the fact that transgression (or rather its latent capacity) is pervasive all through the four phases, absolution turns into a critical factor towards coming to moksha. Absolution, for the Hindus, starts with self acknowledgment that one has trespassed. Without this acknowledgment, absolution can't start. The second this acknowledgment is arrived at the miscreant starts his procedure of absolution through developing from his mix-ups. Much like the Western customary perspectives on wrongdoing and absolution, a Hindu is bound to similar standards; he should deliberately figure it out his wrongdoing and with a genuine heart, request absolution, both to the individual he has trespassed against and at that point to God. Shiva, the God of resurrection and obliteration is adored by faithful Hindu's as a God with an exceptionally hot and capricious temper, yet in addition as an easy-going and just God. The Gods of Hinduism hold no feelings of spite against apologizing delinquents and therefore, great Hindu's must not either. At the wellspring of Hinduism lies amazing quality. Not to pardon is a transgression in itself for it facilitates one from complete freedom. It is comprehended that so as to accomplish harmony inside oneself, pardoning is unavoidable. Karma, regularly misjudged or inappropriately utilized in the Western culture, can best be portrayed as the famous ?to every hello own?. In this manner, it isn't for the autonomous individual to decide whether pardoning is justified or not. Absolution offers alleviation: help from pending strains, sick inclination and mounting pride. Pardoning spares one structure getting narrow minded and pretentious. Physical exercise, reflection through various types of yoga, commitment, profound purging through supplication and ?open chanting?(Sharma, 40), these practices are acted so as to accomplish an elevated feeling of awareness. It is through awareness that one may keep away from that which is terrible, destructive and detestable, both to oneself and to other people. This is the accomplishment of egolessness (24). The more one figures out how to pardon the more joyful and progressively serene they will feel. The acquisition of moksha, can't be acknowledged through the regulation of negative vitality which is related with enmity, sick contemplations or perniciousness. Or maybe, Hinduism trains that it is smarter to pardon, to get opportunity and increase freedom for oneself, this is satisfaction, this is moksha. Religion Essays

Choose one of the four topics given (Philosophy Class) Essay - 1

Pick one of the four themes given (Philosophy Class) - Essay Example In such a manner, Descartes’ attempt was a strategic information, and to locate that one, or many, â€Å"clear and distinct† and â€Å"perfectly certain† conviction on which he could develop a whole deductive system, reintroduce his past convictions with an appropriate justificatory structure, and build new realities out of unadulterated explanation. To discuss Descartes’ incredulity is to talk about nothing by any means; we should rather talk about the distrust which Descartes set out to invalidate, and the scholarly setting wherein he made plans to compose the Meditations on First Philosophy. Just by understanding this unique circumstance and assessing it in like manner will we appropriately comprehend the kinds of topics underlined all through his artful culmination. As far as the seventeenth century setting of the Meditations we see plainly two significant scholarly perspective changes. Both of these movements introduced profound difficulties to the Catholic conventionality which had commanded for quite a long time all through the Middle Ages, and grieved the Catholic Frenchman Renã © Descartes. The first was Galileo’s â€Å"new science† of inductionâ€contrasted with the Scholastic unadulterated deductive framework. Galileo raised the uncertainty that what we think we see we may not so much observe. The shades of protests, for example, appeared to be more in a person’s mind than in the articles. Descartes’ stress was that in the event that we could be misdirected by something as central as fundamental discerning characteristics, would we be able to not be mixed up about much else other than? Or then again, more comprehensively, would we be able to be mixed up all around; that is, pretty much all convictions and ob servations? Descartes thusly goes to making his Meditations with unadulterated explanation, and not the empiricist epistemology of the Aristotelian Scholastics (Solomon). This is one manner by which the chronicled setting relentlessly molded Descartes’ methodological suspicion. Another occasion which both stressed him and

Tips For Writing Anorexia Essay Introduction

Tips For Writing Anorexia Essay IntroductionAnorexia essay introduction is basically the part where you start to build the story of your essay. In fact, the first part of your anorexia essay introduction is the main body of your piece, which is your introduction and a good first outline. Your anorexia essay introduction should be built around the theme of your essay, what you're trying to tell.So in order to get started with your anorexia essay introduction, you need to create a strong outline that will build you an effective foundation. You can get the outline from a good writing software or even from the Internet. You should use this outline as a starting point. From there, you can begin to write the body of your essay, which will be a detailed introduction.For the most part, you'll want to start your body of work with the same characters throughout, just so that you know what you're dealing with. You may also want to include some supporting character in this part of your outline. Your anorexia essay introduction is important, so you'll want to write about the person's attributes, which may be why it has been named. You'll want to build your outline around your chosen character, and then continue by filling in your introduction and the main body of your work. Start writing and keep it simple, because you're not in an essay contest, you're in an essay of a real person.One of the most important things about the outline is that it gives you a plan of action. If you were on a date, you wouldn't have a clear plan on how to go about it, and so, by creating an outline, you'll have an idea of what to do, without any chance of confusion. By using this outline, you'll be able to avoid the sloppiness that can happen with writing on the spur of the moment.When you're writing an anorexia essay introduction, you'll want to try to be original. This means that you should try to come up with a new twist on a current situation. Since you don't know the person well enough to de cide who will win in a competition of all-time favorites, you want to come up with something new that may appeal to the reader.Of course, your anorexia essay introduction needs to tell about the person's life, or at least the parts of her life that the outline doesn't cover. You should take some notes and jot down the events and the parts of her life that you could give a description. After all, this is the first part of your essay and you want to capture the reader's attention as soon as possible.The next section of your anorexia essay introduction is going to be the ideas, and you want to show off the character's ideas. Most people who are trying to write an anorexia essay introduction want to show off some of their own ideas. If this is the case, write them down. Don't stress yourself out about being creative, because chances are, the person that is judging you won't be either.The final part of your anorexia essay introduction is the conclusion. This should end with a question ab out the person, and why she came to her state. If the person has had the problem for a long time, you can also mention that the person is probably just getting started with the physical transformation that they'll need to make in order to cure their eating disorder.

Bureaucratic vs. Matrix Organizational Structures

Bureaucratic vs. Matrix Organizational Structures An organization is defined as a collective composed of individuals or groups of individuals, with different functions or roles, working together towards common goals. It involves different individuals, different tasks, different techniques, and different processes. This diversity, if left unchecked or unregulated, could lead to chaos and disorder. Order is required. Thus, it is inevitable that every organization should have a framework or a structure in order to keep all these differences on track towards that common goal.The organizational structure would then be used to establish a pattern within the organization on matters such as hierarchy, authority, division of work, and relationships and connections between and among the different functions. It is through this structure that the operations of the organizations are defined and subsequently carried out. © Shutterstock.com | Ditty_about_summerIn this article, we explore 1) the basic principles of an organizational structure; 2) bureaucratic structures; 3) matrix structures; as well as 4) the comparison of bureaucratic vs. matrix structures.BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURESpecialization â€" this is the division of work within the organization, according to the tasks or functions that the members or personnel specialize in. This special knowledge is then applied by the members towards the attainment of organizational goals. Horizontal specialization refers to the division of work according to the type of work at various levels within the organization, from top to bottom and vice versa. Vertical specialization refers to the division of work into departments.Coordination all the units, with their respective specializations or special knowledge are combined into a cohesive whole in order to work towards the organizational goals. It is applied through the following: A sing le superior is in place in order to establish a unity of command. Orders are received from only one superior, and the members are answerable or required to report to that one superior. The scalar principle is applied, whereby the chain of command starts from the top to the bottom, in a straight line. The principle of responsibility and authority holds that employees are responsible for the accomplishment of their assigned tasks while recognizing that they are under someone’s authority. The organization is understood to have undergone departmentalization (functional, product, users/customers, territory/geographic location, process or equipment). There is a specific number of units or individuals under one management, in order to clearly define the scope of control.Decentralization and Centralization This refers to how decision-making is assigned within the organization. If the decisions are left in the hands of top management, it is referred to as centralization. Decentralization, on the other hand, entails involvement of lower levels of management in the decision-making process.Line and Staff Relationships There are two types of authority often seen in organizations.There are two parties involved the superior (line employees) and the subordinate (staff employees). Accomplishment of goals is in the hands of the line employees, and they are provided support by the staff employees.The concept seems simple enough: there is an organization, and it needs a structure. However, not all organizations are the same. Depending on the nature of the organization, there are appropriate types of organizational structure that could be put into place.Today, we can classify the two most commonly used organizational structures into two: bureaucratic structures and matrix structures.BUREAUCRATIC STRUCTURESThe most basic organizational structure is simple and centralized, which means it mostly found in small organizations, particularly companies that fall under the sole propri etorship category. More often than not, there are only two or three levels in the hierarchy (which also happens to be another term for bureaucracy), making centralization easy.But growth and change is inevitable, and organizations have to be flexible to accommodate such changes. They could not rely on the simple centralized structure to keep working for them, especially when the organization becomes larger and its operations more complex or diversified. This is when the bureaucratic organizational structure was developed.The bureaucratic structure is one of the several types of classical organizational structures. Unlike the simple and traditional structure, however, the bureaucratic structure is more applicable to larger organizations or organizations that have more complex operations.A prime example of a bureaucratic organizational structure would have the PRESIDENT or top management on top, and below him would be the DEPARTMENT HEADS (second level) for Administrative, Research an d Development, Manufacturing, and Sales and Marketing. On the third level would be the DIVISION HEADS. For example, in the Administrative Department, there are division heads for Personnel/Human Resources and for Billing and Collection. Under the Sales and Marketing, there would be a division head for the Distribution and another for the Sales.Elements of a Bureaucratic StructureThere are two elements of a bureaucratic organizational structure that are deemed to be the most important. They are:Standard methods and procedures. Every bureaucratic organization must have standard procedures for the performance of work or the assigned tasks and responsibilities of its members.A level of control over the performance of said methods and procedures. The procedures are expected to be performed at a certain standard; therefore, there must be a high degree of control to ensure that these standards are observed and adhered to.Features of a Bureaucratic StructureThe following features and charac teristics are required in order for any bureaucratic structure to work.In any bureaucratic structure, employees or members of an organization have specialized tasks or functions that only they can perform, primarily due to their respective training and expertise. Thus, more often than not, employment in an organization that uses this type of structure is based on technical qualifications.A bureaucracy utilizes a hierarchical model, with tiers clearly defining the authority, responsibilities and functions at each level.Division of labor is strong in this type of structure, with almost all the tasks broken down into component parts, with the corresponding individuals assigned to perform them.A bureaucracy cannot be performed without having a set of formal rules or standard operating procedures (SOP) firmly in place. These rules clearly state or set forth the tasks that each level of the organization should perform.Strong boundaries and sense of identity.Advantages of a Bureaucratic St ructureEveryone in the organization knows their place. They know their position, the scope of their authority, their responsibility, and what they should and should not do, because everything has already been defined from the beginning.Efficient performance of tasksThis is down to the fact that the tasks are performed by trained personnel or individuals that have special training or knowledge with respect to the task at hand. The inevitable sharing of resources will also contribute to the performance of tasks in a more efficient and productive manner.High standards of quality control of organizational outputsSince the structure allows management to be able to closely monitor outcomes, the organization will be able to have standard products or services and quality control.Organizational stability is maintainedThanks to the fact that the organization functions like a well-oiled machine, following a set of formal rules and clearly defined authority and responsibility, the organization will be able to maintain a stable footing.Disadvantages of a Bureaucratic StructureSometimes, the advantages could also breed the disadvantages, and that is also seen in a bureaucratic structure.Individuals are limited to performing the tasks that they specialize inThis means they cannot “flex their muscles” and learn or perform beyond the scope of their skills, knowledge, training and expertise.Individuals tend to have a limited viewSince individuals are solely focused on performing their own tasks, they will have a limited view without knowledge of how it affects the other parts of the organization. They would be unable to recognize or realize that there is a problem outside their scope of expertise or specialization.Division between the top and bottom tiers of the hierarchyLower level employees will hesitate to react to some decisions made by higher management for fear of shaking up the hierarchy. At the same time, the upper levels are likely to not realize if there are probl ems going on the lower levels.Low morale and dissatisfaction with their workEmployees are more than likely to have low morale and dissatisfaction with their work after having to perform tasks repetitively. They are expected to perform specialized tasks, so that is basically all they do and all that is expected of them. Rarely, if ever, do they get to do something outside their scope of specialization.MATRIX STRUCTURESThe matrix organizational structure is merely one of the several modern organization designs that came about in recent years in order to accommodate the constantly changing landscape of business and organizations. In this specific type of structure, two types of structures are combined into a single, cohesive structure, resulting in a dual-authority system.The most common form of this type of structure is in an organization where managers, employees and groups are departmentalized based on their functions and on the products of their respective departments. This combine d functional and product grouping would then allow the organization to reap the benefits or the advantages of both types.A simple example of a matrix organization structure would be an electronics company. There are several departments based on functions, namely Research Development (RD), Finance, Sales and Marketing, Manufacturing, and Distribution. However, there are also three product lines: Television, Cameras, and Mobile Phones. All the departments are involved with these product lines, so coordination between and among all of them.Basic Matrix Management ModelsAccording to Kenneth Knight, there are three basic matrix management models.Coordination. In the electronics company example mentioned above, application of this model would have the employees from the departments working together in a cross-departmental manner, without leaving their respective departments.Overlay. In the example, an employee from the Finance Department will also become a member of the Sales and Marketi ng Department. This effectively makes him answerable to two managers or department heads: the Finance manager and the Sales and Marketing manager.Secondment. This is the more “mobile” model. An employee from the Finance department could move to the Sales department for a specific project. Once it’s done, he moves back to Finance.Features of a Matrix Organizational StructureA matrix organizational structure is characterized by the following:Instead of a linear management structure, it utilizes dual-reporting relationships. Individuals, regardless of which part of the organization they belong to, will have to report to different departments in order to complete a task or a project.Collaboration is one key feature in matrix structures, especially in settings where work teams are formed, drawing individuals from different parts of the organization, for the accomplishment of a specific project.Advantages of a Matrix StructureMany are opting to adapt the matrix organizational struct ure because it is deemed to be the most beneficial to them. Here are the advantages of this type of structure.Faster and more efficient flow of informationExchange of information is done in a speedier and more free-flowing manner due to the closer cooperation between and among the employees and the departments. Data-sharing is encouraged in this type of structure, flowing vertically and horizontally, so everyone gets access to the information they need.Response to change is fasterOne result of the faster flow and exchange of information is the improved rate of response to changes and other unforeseen circumstances. It is even more remarkable since it involves two or more departments within an organization.More efficient use of resourcesResources are utilized in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. Each department does not have to spend on tools, equipment and manpower, since they can source them from other departments.Personal and professional growth and development of manage rsThis type of structure tends to produce more specialized workers and more proficient managers, brought about by the sharing of information and the experience they obtain from being part of various projects, even those that are outside of their original departments.Improved sense of commitment and dedication to their jobsMembers of the organization will have more than a glimpse of the role they play in the grand scheme of things. Knowledge of how important or indispensable they are in the organization will boost their morale and motivate them to continue contributing to the attainment of the organizational goals and objectives.Disadvantages of a Matrix StructureCombining two organizational structures into the matrix type solves a lot of problems. However, it could also give rise to different ones. It is not without its disadvantages, which are discussed below:Confusion on authority and responsibility is rampantThe dual-authority system introduced causes confusion regarding the juri sdiction and scopes of responsibility and accountability to be ambiguous. The lines on the chain of command are blurry, further confusing the employees since they do not have a clear idea on who is in charge or in control.Another offshoot of this is the actual loss or lack of control of the managers even within their own departments or jurisdictions, since their employees would not know where to attach their loyalties to, or who to report to.There is a high possibility of conflicts within the organizationThe vague lines of authority will naturally give rise to conflicts and power struggles, especially if they are left unchecked by higher authorities or top management. It is no longer a rare sight to see disagreements arising from one manager telling one employee to do one thing and then another manager giving a different set of instructions that contradict that of the first one.This problem is not limited to management levels, since it could also trickle down to the work force. Sinc e decision-making is confined within respective groups, cliques, factions and informal groupings are likely to be formed.Higher initial and setup costsIn this type of organization, more personnel would be required, especially in the early stages of the organization. Thus, it requires more outlay on labor and overhead. The reporting requirements in matrix organizations tend to have more complexities, and this translates to higher expenditures.High instances of worker dissatisfactionConflicts tend to awaken in employees or workers feelings of dissatisfaction and dismay. As a result, they would try to seek for employment elsewhere, and the organization would be left in a bind, looking for manpower to replace the ones who left. This high turnover rate could also lead to the organization having a bad reputation in terms of its human resource management.BUREAUCRATIC VS. MATRIX STRUCTURES â€" WHICH IS BETTER?It is hard to say that this or that structure is the better option without taking into account several factors.Nature of operations of the organization. Organizations that have unique operations or operate at a fast pace are better off using the matrix structure because of its flexibility and adaptability.Size and scale of the organization. Matrix is said to be the more suitable structure for large organizations.Task specializations involved. You will find that the bureaucratic structure is best applied in organizations with complex tasks. Simple businesses will mesh better with a matrix structure.Level of standardization sought. If the organization aims to maintain high degrees of standardization, a bureaucratic structure is the way to go, since matrix organizations rarely, if ever, follow standard operating procedures. Often, they do not even have a set of formal rules or standards to follow.Centralization vs. Decentralization. In a bureaucracy, centralization is high, leaving the decision-making to the top management levels. If the organization does not care f or this and actually encourages decision-making in all levels, the matrix structure is most applicable.If you are after simplicity in the structure, a bureaucracy is the preferred option, since it has a tall structure, with authority retained at the top. In a flat structure like that of a matrix organization, authority is more spread out.CONCLUSIONBoth the bureaucratic and the matrix structures of organizations have their strengths and weaknesses. It is only a matter of looking at the organization and its goals in order to arrive at a decision on which model is more appropriate. Of course, it does not stop at making that choice on which organizational structure to adapt. The implementation of the chosen structure would also play an important role. Making the choice is only half the battle; putting it in place and making it work is where the real work begins.

Late Life Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Late Life Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD Diagnosis Print Late Life Generalized Anxiety Disorder By Deborah R. Glasofer, PhD twitter linkedin Deborah Glasofer, PhD is a professor of clinical psychology and practitioner of cognitive behavioral therapy. Learn about our editorial policy Deborah R. Glasofer, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 17, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 02, 2019 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Taxi Japan/Run Photo/Getty Images Anxiety disorders have historically been thought of as problems of childhood and early adulthood. However, the prevalence of anxiety disorders among older adults ranges from 10% to 20%, making this class of disorders more prevalent than other common late-life psychiatric problems such as dementia or depression. Late Life Onset The onset of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) specifically can occur at any point in the life cycle; the average age of onset is 31 years old. Of all anxiety disorders, however, GAD stands as the most common in late life with estimates in the older adult age group ranging from 1%-7%. Its prevalence in older adults may in part be reflective of the tenacity of GAD; young adults who struggle with generalized anxiety can experience a recurrence of symptoms in the middle and later stages of life. The new onset of GAD among older adults is often related to co-existing depression. The diagnosis of GAD in late life can be complicated by several factors: Older adults may present their symptoms differently than younger people. They may articulate the physical symptoms of anxiety more readily than psychological symptoms.The presence of medical illness (the odds of which increase with age) is a known risk factor for anxiety disorders.Older adults are more likely than younger adults to be taking multiple medications. Because physical symptoms of anxiety may overlap with medication side effects, it’s helpful to pay attention to the triggers and time course of physical symptoms as they relate to medication schedules or changes versus other potential stressors. Under-Treated in the Elderly GAD is, unfortunately, under-treated in the elderly. Inadequate diagnosis is one reason for this, but another is access or ability to seek out treatment. Among older adults living with this disorder, it is estimated that only approximately one-quarter seek out professional help for their symptoms. The first step in a diagnostic evaluation can involve speaking with a current physician â€" either a primary care physician or a clinician involved in the treatment of an existing medical illness. A referral for a comprehensive evaluation with a mental health provider may follow. The treatments available for GAD in younger adults, which include medication and psychotherapy options, have not been studied as comprehensively in randomized controlled trials of older adults. Findings from medication studies for anxiety disorders completed in mixed-age adult samples and the existing trials in older adults generally do support the use of medications for anxiety in late life individuals. There is also evidence that the psychotherapy approach used to good effect in the treatment of GAD in children and young adults, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), is similarly beneficial to older adults. Modifications and enhancements to CBT â€" for example, using large print educational materials and delivering the treatment in a group format â€" show promise for even more benefit for this age group.  To address barriers to treatment including mobility and access, guided self-help approaches derived from CBT principles are also under study.